My fascination with the law profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My fascination with the law profession - Essay Example Since childhood I have had a habit of asking for reasons and logic for almost everything in life. My weekly trips to my grandmother’s house demanded reasons from my parents, my occasional trips to the shelter of the homeless demanded logic and the list goes on. As I grew up, I developed a personal sense of reasoning and logic to find the purpose behind the happenings in the environment. This reasoning developed a sense of judgment for right and wrong. It has been experienced that age provides one with the confidence and courage to stand up for one’s principles and reasons in life. I have witnessed the same in my life. As I grew older, the logic demanding nature earned me the voice to protest against any wrong actions in the society. The passion for a structured and lawful society urges one to protect the rights of others as well as one’s own. One of such instances took place in my neighborhood when the local municipal community showed negligence on an important m atter. The local municipal community planted a garbage disposal point adjacent to the premises of a children park. The foul smell of the garbage surrounded the park and made the park loose the charm of the purity of the air. It would not have been a big problem if the garbage got cleared from the point every day; there were some days when the garbage was not cleared for two consecutive days. This even created a threat for the health and welfare of the community as some diseases might have initiated from the dump.

Human Growth and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Growth and Development - Essay Example In addition, the summary describes the development of the infant’s senses, trends of sleep, weight, and height increase patterns. The summary to chapter six highlights the development of cognition in infants and factors that affect the infant’s cognitive processes. In addition, under cognitive development, the paper describes the development of language. Finally, the paper summarizes chapter seven of the book that deals with psychosocial development. Under this section, a description of infant emotions is available. Development Processes in Infants In her book The Developing Person through the Lifespan, Berger describes the main changes that take place in an individual’s life, especially during infancy. Each of the chapters in the book reveals the growth processes in different aspects. This paper will highlight the man ideas brought out in chapters 5, 6, and 7. These chapters discuss the different levels of growth that occur in infants in the first two years of t heir life. Infant is a Latin-derived word that refers to any child who does not speak. During infancy, multiple growth processes take place rapidly. Chapter 5 of the book describes the biosocial development of infants. At birth, babies are only 3 kilograms and 20 inches. In the first five months of the baby’s life, the weight doubles. ... As long as the infant receives sufficient nutrition, the body and brain keep growing. Percentile ranks used by clinicians help track the baby’s growth in comparison to the norm (Berger, 2011). Sleep is a crucial aspect of infants with newborns requiring about seventeen hours a day. As they grow, they take up family sleep patterns. A great percentage of infants at one year manage to sleep the entire night. Factors such as diet, birth order, brain maturation, and child rearing practices affect sleeping cycles. On the other hand, infant’s brain reaches 75% of its potential mature weight. Neuron development takes place vigorously in some parts of the brain especially those dealing with vision, smell, language, and emotional processing. Different parts of the cortex advance in growth taking up different responsibilities. Studies reveal that multiple neural dendrites emerge in infancy. In addition, pruning helps the brain function faster. The rate at which the brain develops depends on experiences surrounding the infant (Berger, 2011). Formation of new neurons implies healthy growth. Abuse and neglect slow the formation of neurons and may hinder brain development. The chapter also highlights the functioning of senses in infants. The five senses (vision, taste, touch, hearing, and smell) exhibit function since birth. However, hearing is the sharpest sense at birth while a binocular capability of the eyes in infants is achieved in 14 weeks. With time, infants acquire motor skills. The chapter highlights the cephalocaudal and proximal-distal nature of growth. Growth begins with the head downwards and extends from the torso’s center to the arms and legs. An infant’s motor skills develop slowly with muscle movements advancing from one to the other.

Latest effort at transparency just muddies water by Carolyn Pugsley Research Paper

Latest effort at transparency just muddies water by Carolyn Pugsley and Alexandra Module - Research Paper Example The article is written by Carolyn Pugsley and Alexandra Module. The main objective of the article is to state the reforms which are adopted by the federal government of Australia in order to disclose the remunerations of seniors executives of companies. This reform has been adopted by the Australian government with the intention of facilitating better transparency for shareholders with respect to the remuneration structures of senior executives. Moreover, this reform will facilitate management of companies with minimum regulatory pressure (Pugsley & Module, 2012). Accounting Theory (Part B) The appropriate theory for this article will be ‘Legitimacy Theory’. This theory states that the remuneration policy of an organisation is conducted in a legitimated manner in accordance with it the board of directors (BOD) of the organisation is required to justify that the remuneration policy adopted by them are according to the company law and Accounting Standards of Australia. Mor eover, the remuneration of BOD of organisations should be justified to the shareholders as well as society. The remuneration policy of senior executives is required to be revealed in order to ascertain that remunerations are provided in keeping with best practices under the code of corporate governance (AFAANZ, 2010). Analysis (Part C) The legitimacy theory signifies that the remuneration policy adopted by companies is in adherence with rules as well as regulations of the government. This theory also states that the financial and annual reports which are prepared by companies are in accordance with accounting standards and company law. In this similar context, the article depicts that the remuneration policy of senior executives will aid in determining that the remunerations as well as rewards which are acquired by senior executives are according to accounting standards. The theory signifies that the remuneration of senior executives should be revealed in an appropriate manner in an nual reports with the motive of depicting the performance of companies to stakeholders. Moreover, the theory assists in minimising pressure on the management as the audit committee is familiar with the regulations of remuneration policy. The article depicts that the amount of remuneration of the senior executives should be revealed in the financial statements or annual reports of companies which will signify the performance of companies among stakeholders and market segments. Companies are required to adopt appropriate remuneration policies which will be legally enacted. The article also reveals that the remunerations of the senior executive should be disclosed in order to ascertain transparency towards shareholders. Moreover, the disclosure of the remuneration policy will assist companies in better regulatory operations (Crombie, 2010). It has been observed from the article that the government of Australia has formulated policy with regard to the disclosure of remunerations of seni or executive. The policy devised by the government is perceived to be complex for auditors as the remuneration report will comprise three segments which include ‘past pay’, ‘present pay’ as well as ‘future pay’. Furthermore, annual reports of companies with excess or decreased incentives and remunerations will portray ineffective performance of companies. Companies should adopt an effective policy of representing remuneration of senior executive which can be linked with the companies’

Consider a perfectly competitive market in long-run equilibrium where Essay

Consider a perfectly competitive market in long-run equilibrium where all firms operate under the same cost conditions. Suppose - Essay Example (70 marks) Market is a place where buyers and sellers meet each other for fulfilling needs and generating profits. The form of market is of great importance in business and economics as it is responsible for defining its overall characteristics including the numbers and categories of suppliers, the variable or identical nature of the products offered by different firms operating in the same or different industries, is the market exhaustive enough or it allows the entry of some new competitor and most importantly the nature of the competition; is it a perfect competition or not? The major decisions of different firms revolve around these basic features which lead to the analysis of offering price and the number of inventory to be produced (McEachern, 2011). As far as perfectly competitive market is concerned then it has the following features: There is relatively quite a small number of sellers and buyers as compared to the needs of the customers and the overall market size. In this s ituation one firm has a very low effect over the market price and trends. As a result not a single firm can practice complete control over the cost and price ratios. The perfectly competitive market deals in identical products i.e. all the firms in the market sale the same product with minor or negligible variations. The customer choices are therefore independent of the quality of the product and other characteristics of the products excluding the price factor. The market forces such as demand and supply work freely to decide the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity, in addition to this the government policies affect the price and quantity ratios through taxes and subsidiaries. There is a free entry for all the firms in the market. They can leave or enter the market in any geographical location without facing any obstacles in their way. They can also apply whatever factors of production they want to with whatever variations and manipulations. The market offers complete and com prehendible information about the products and services. Therefore the firms are aware of the quality and characteristics of their products which leads them towards better performance. It is an ideal market to work in as it ensures the profits and flexibility of operations. In addition to free will related to entrance and exit hence giving numerous advantages to the consumers and sellers both (Dodd & Hasek, 1952). Now let’s consider the example of Rice market where the competition is perfect in nature. All the firms operating in this particular market are having the same costing conditions which are expected to remain at the equilibrium stage in the long run as well. The Automation Technology has become available to few of the firms in the market. This technology is pretty much useful for the production and packaging purposes as it lowers the marginal cost per unit and therefore contributes in increasing the profit margin of the seller without the need of increasing the price of the commodity rather decreasing the cost of the product. The usage of the Automation Technology will have some short run and long run effects over the rice market whereas the factor prices and the demand of the product remain same. This will disturb the equilibrium state of the perfect competition. Application of some new technology is always beneficial for both the industry and the individual firms operating in the market as it is more effective and efficient than the previous

World Religions From A Healthcare Perspective Essay

World Religions From A Healthcare Perspective - Essay Example In fact, proceeding from the information included in this chapter, it may even be claimed that there is no such thing as a unified American Indian religion whatsoever. This is supported both by the incredible diversity of tribal groups and nations among American Indians and Alaska Natives, and, on the other hand, by the absence of the organized religion (in the Western sense at least) among many of these peoples. The painful history of relations between the US Government and various Indian tribes had its brunt on the state of the healthcare provision to the American Indians, among other things. While the Indian Health Service (IHS) was established in 1955 to provide primary and comprehensive health care to the American Indians, many of the latter reside in metropolitan areas which lie outside the field of the HIS competence. This complicates the situation with regard to health care provision and creates significant discrepancies in respect of the interrelations between the IHS and co nventional healthcare providers, on the one hand, and the traditional tribal elders, on the other. When speaking on the subject of the specificity of American Indian religious traditions, it is necessary to observe that the practitioners of American Indian beliefs have a significantly different concept of the world than those of theistic religions. Unlike linear concepts of the proceedings of the world inherent in the latter, the American Indian belief traditions assume the circular development of the world, which is aimed at perceiving the world as a harmonious whole. Subsequently, the centre of this whole is construed as a state of peace and balance, including peace of mind, which informs the general understanding of the world in Indian religious traditions. Therefore the idea of healthcare provision in American Indian tradition is directly intertwined with the notion that the surrounding world is infused with spiritual energy that may be embodied in particular healing substances such as some herbs. In practical dimension, this means that the concept of healthcare in American Indian worldview is directly connected with the idea of healing by nature’s aid and that of connection between the spiritual and physical health of the patient. Therefore the taking into account of such complexities is absolutely necessary when dealing with American Indian patients. 3. Hinduism The essence of Hinduism as a set of religious practice lies not so much in the regulation of the practitioners’ beliefs than in the regulation of the latter’s behavior. In reality, Hinduism can scarcely be characterized as a unified religion arising out of the certain consensus, as the majority of its practitioners belong to different sects and sub-cultures. Nevertheless, there are some common tenets that bring different strands of the Hindu religion together. On the one hand, Hinduism is characterized by its reliance on the preceding, Vedic tradition that emphasizes the impo rtance of ritualistic devotion to the gods, the maintenance of the devotee’s duties before the social structure and the world in general, the existence of the complex cycle of life and death, where the souls of the

Employee Performance Essay Example for Free

Employee Performance Essay The methods presented here are designed to develop elements and standards that measure employee and work unit accomplishments rather than to develop  other measures that are often used in appraising performance, such as measuring behaviors or competencies. Although this handbook includes a discussion of the importance of balancing measures, the main focus presented here is to measure accomplishments. Consequently, much of the information presented in the first five steps of this eightstep process applies when supervisors and employees want to measure results. However, the material presented in Steps 6 through 8 about developing standards, monitoring performance, and checking the performance plan apply to all measurement approaches. A HANDBOOK FOR MEASURING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE foreword The handbook has four chapters and three appendices: ⠝™ CHAPTER 1 gives the background and context of performance management that you will need to understand before beginning the eight-step process. ⠝™ CHAPTER 2 defines accomplishments, which is key to using this handbook successfully. ⠝™ CHAPTER 3 includes a detailed description of the eight-step process for developing employee performance plans that are aligned with and support organizational goals. ⠝™ CHAPTER 4 provides study tools, including a followup quiz and a quick reference for the eight-step process. ⠝™ THE APPENDICES contain example standards that were written specifically for appraisal programs that appraise performance on elements at five, three, and two levels. After reading the instructional material, studying the examples, and completing the exercises in this book, you should be able to: ⠝™ DEVELOP a performance plan that aligns individual performance with organizational goals  Ã¢ â„¢ USE a variety of methods to determine work unit and individual  accomplishments ⠝™ DETERMINE the difference between activities and accomplishments ⠝™ EXPLAIN regulatory requirements for employee performance plans P E R F O R M A N C E M A N A G E M E N T: B A C K G R O U N D A N D C O N T E X T emember the story about the naive student in his first English literature course who was worried because he didn’t know what prose was? When he found out that prose was ordinary speech, he exclaimed, â€Å"Wow! I’ve been speaking prose all my life!† Managing performance well is like speaking prose. Many managers have been â€Å"speaking† and practicing effective performance management naturally all their supervisory lives, but don’t know it! Some people mistakenly assume that performance management is concerned only with following regulatory requirements to appraise and rate performance. Actually, assigning ratings of record is only one part of the overall process (and perhaps the least important part). Performance management is the systematic process of: ⠝™ planning work and setting expectations ⠝™ continually monitoring performance ⠝™ developing the capacity to perform ⠝™ periodically rating performance in a summary fashion ⠝™ rewarding good performance The revisions made in 1995 to the governmentwide performance appraisal and awards regulations support â€Å"natural† performance management. Great care was taken to ensure that the requirements those regulations establish would complement and not conflict with the kinds of activities and actions effective managers are practicing as a matter of course. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT PLANNING In an effective organization, work is planned out in advance. Planning means setting performance expectations and goals for groups and individuals to channel their efforts toward achieving organizational objectives. Getting employees involved in the planning process will help them understand the goals of the organization, what needs to be done, why it needs to be done, and how well it should be done. The regulatory requirements for planning employees’ performance include establishing the elements and standards of their performance appraisal plans. Performance elements and standards should be measurable, understandable, verifiable, equitable, and achievable. Through critical elements, employees are held accountable as individuals for work assignments or responsibilities. Employee performance plans should be flexible so that they can be adjusted for changing program objectives and work requirements. When used effectively, these plans can be beneficial working documents that are discussed often, and not merely paperwork that is filed in a drawer and seen only when ratings of record are required. MONITORING In an effective organization, assignments and projects are monitored continually. Monitoring well means consistently measuring performance and providing ongoing feedback to employees and work groups on their progress toward reaching their goals. The regulatory requirements for monitoring performance include conducting progress reviews with employees where their performance is compared against their elements and standards. Ongoing monitoring provides the supervisor the opportunity to check how well employees are meeting predetermined standards and to make changes to unrealistic or problematic standards. By monitoring continually, supervisors can identify unacceptable performance at any time during the appraisal period and provide assistance to address such performance rather than wait until the end of the period when summary rating levels are assigned. MEASURE WHAT IS IMPORTANT—NOT WHAT IS EASY TO MEASURE It is easy to count the number of days since a project began, but if that is all that you measure, is that enough information to assess performance? No, probably not. Or if, for example, a customer service team only measures the number of calls that come into the team (the easy measure) and does not attempt to measure customer satisfaction with its service (the more difficult measure), the team does not have complete information about its performance and has no idea how well it is serving its customers. In addition, because what gets measured gets done, the team will probably focus on how it can increase the number of calls it receives and ignore the quality of service it provides. As a result, organizations need to anticipate the behavioral and unintended consequences of measuring performance. As an example, recently a medical laboratory came under fire because of the errors it made in certain of its cancer tests. A high number of cancer tests that the laboratory had approved as negative turned out to be wrong—cancer had actually been

Evading Intrusion Detection Systems Essay Example for Free

Evading Intrusion Detection Systems Essay As information technology advances its demand and reliance has increase has increased resulting in numerous growths in development and usage of web site. This technology has resulted to be very beneficial to organizational and institutional prosperity for example world of business has benefited a lot from the so called e-commerce. These benefits have on the other hand attracted exploitation of the web site supporting them. Growth in occurrence of exploitation of data sites which handle crucial organizational information have resulted to a major concern over their security and management of risks associated. This concern has resulted to usage of prevention system such as â€Å"Web Application Firewall, intrusion prevention systems and intrusion detection systems† (Vittie, 2007 pp. 1). Intrusions detection systems are protective systems which detect identify and isolate exploitation of computer systems. According to Newsham 1998, intrusion detection is a vital element of computer systems security system which complements other protection machineries. â€Å"By providing information to site administration, ID allows not only for the detection of attacks explicitly addressed by other security components (such as firewalls and services wrappers) but also attempts to provide notification of new attacks unforeseen by other components† (Newsham, 1998 para. 3). They are also very important as they provide organization with forensic information enabling detection of origination of attacks. This can help in following of attackers and make the answerable for their malicious actions. Working of Intrusion Detective Systems (IDS) is geared toward monitoring network of any attackers. In this operation it is hindered by network skilled attackers who are working day and night to be able to counter these systems and continue with their malicious damages. Exploitation in this case can continue in case where IDS may be short of complete scrutiny for the all of behavior perpetuated by a certain protocol. A good example to this is a case where attacker of IDS that is unable to reassemble Internet Protocol (IP) fragment through deliberate â€Å"†¦transmission of attack traffic in fragments rather than complete IP datagrams† (Kreibich, 2001). Internet Protocol end systems are assumed to conduct fragment reassembly and incase of this scenario, the attacker may accomplish intended mission without being noticed by IDS since it may be unable to reconstruct entire datagrams. Evading Intrusion Detection Systems using fragmentation and small packet technique can be said to be an evasion technique designed to confuse detection by IDS. Operations of fragment and small packet are based on ensuring attack payload splits into numerous small packets making IDS to gather the packet steam so as to identify the attack. This is possible through fragmenting the small packets but making of packets with minute payload can as well function. Although the small packet may a not evade any IDS which looks like packet steams, they can be designed to confuse reassembly as well as detection. Following deployment of IDS in 90s evasion, discovery of evasion followed. Evasion this time was â€Å"segmenting a signature into multiple packets, sometimes delaying second part of signature to trigger a network IDS time-out† (Gorton Champion, n. d. pp 2). Since 1997, several way of evading IDS which largely depended on using UNIX command shell potentialities. Later, hackers were able to use shell evasion design for example â€Å"mimicking ROT-13 ‘encryption’ using the TR command† (Gorton Champion, n. d. pp 2). Overlapping fragments has also been in use in that numerous packets with Internet Protocol or Transmission Control Protocol modified to overlap. Protocol violation uses similar technique as overlapping fragment in attempt to evade IDS through deliberate violation of Internet Protocol. Other evading Intrusion Detection Systems are Denial of Service and Inserting Traffic at the Intrusion Detection Systems. The inserted traffics are modified packet which are identified by IDS by computer may not detects becoming the main target. While Denial Service is a system modified to evade detection through overpowering Intrusion Detection System. This is possible through exploiting attacking element by use of large codification. â€Å"In 1999, Ptacek and Newsham demonstrated that commercial Intrusion detection systems had fundamentals flaws at handling the IP and TCP protocols which allowed attacker to trick them into incorrectly reconstructing sessions containing an attack† (Gorton Champion, n. d. pp 4). These two researchers in this field identified that several ways which IDS could not be able to detect invasion through being tricked and lack to attack invasion capable to detect. This was followed by development of programs by Dug Song guided by techniques explained by Ptacek and Newsham. This program is called fragrouter and later developed to fragroute. Attack of server through Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), â€Å"†¦there are fewer possibility for application evasion than in shell version. If the signature is flawed, an attacker can alter non-essential parts of the attack and avoid the signature,† (Gorton Champion, n. d. pp 4). To counter this inefficiency other forms of IDS were developed these are Mendax and Whisker written by Kang’s and Puppy respectively. In conclusion, evading Intrusion Detective System is still an active field. As ways to counter their malicious behaviors are developed hackers are busy advancing their attacks. This means future and survival of IDS in protecting web site is dependent to continued research in this field. Reference: Vittie, Lori Mac (2007): XSS Evasion—Trying to hide in the all-concealing torchlight; Retrieved on 12th December 2008 from; http://www. f5. com/pdf/white-papers/xss-evasion-wp. pdf Newsham Timothy N. (1998): Insertion, Evasion, and Denial of Service: Eluding Network Intrusion Detection. Retrieved on 12th December 2008 from; http://insecure. org/stf/secnet_ids/secnet_ids. html. Kreibich, Christian (2001): Network Intrusion Detection: Evasion, Traffic Normalization, and End-to-End Protocol Semantics. Retrieved on 12th December 2008 from; http://www. icir. org/vern/papers/norm-usenix-sec-01. pdf Gorton A. Samuel Champion Terrence G. (n. d): Combining Evasion Techniques to Avoid Network Intrusion Detection Systems. Retrieved on 12th December 2008 from; http://www. skaion. com/research/tgc-rsd-raid. pdf